• Rhamnus cathartica (Common buckthorn)

Management techniques

• https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_Buckthorn.pdf

Pulling

Girdling

Mowing

Chemical treatment

• herbicide

Proper disposal

• directly into landfill channels, not compost

Prevention

• Toronto’s Turfgrass & Prohibited Plants bylaw